25th anniversary of Pokhran-II: On this day, India conducted five nuclear tests of advanced weapon designs between May 11 and 13 at Rajasthan’s Pokhran desert that propelled the country into a select group of nations having capabilities to develop nuclear weapons, making Vajpayee India self-resliant in the nuclear power. Maybe these test triggered opposition form many 1st world countries, in which USA was significant one ( who put the sanction on that time India), but it is on this day, we came out of the darkness of uncertain nuclear war and in light of powerful defence against global terror.
What is Pokhran-II
Introduction: The Pokhran-II nuclear tests, conducted by India in May 1998, marked a significant milestone in the country’s nuclear history. It represented a major step towards establishing India as a nuclear power and had far-reaching implications for regional and global security dynamics. This report provides a detailed overview of the Pokhran-II tests, including their historical background, motivations, technical aspects, international reactions, and the consequences for India’s nuclear policy.
Historical Background: India’s nuclear program traces its roots back to its independence in 1947 when the country embarked on a peaceful nuclear energy program. However, geopolitical factors and regional security concerns influenced India’s decision to pursue nuclear weapons capabilities. The nuclear tests conducted by China in 1964 and subsequent conflicts with Pakistan further intensified India’s perceived need for a credible nuclear deterrent.
Motivations behind Pokhran-II: The decision to conduct the Pokhran-II tests was driven by multiple factors. Firstly, India aimed to demonstrate its nuclear capabilities and establish itself as a nuclear-weapon state, challenging the prevailing global nuclear order. Secondly, India sought to address regional security concerns, particularly its nuclear-armed neighbor, Pakistan, which had conducted its own nuclear tests in 1998. The tests were seen as a response to the changing security dynamics in the South Asian region.
Technical Aspects of the Tests: The Pokhran-II tests involved the detonation of three nuclear devices underground at the Indian Army’s Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan. The devices included a fusion-boosted fission device, a low-yield device, and a thermonuclear device. These tests showcased India’s progress in mastering various aspects of nuclear weapons technology, including miniaturization, advanced detonation mechanisms, and multi-stage thermonuclear designs.
International Reactions: The international response to the Pokhran-II tests was mixed. While India faced condemnation from several nations, particularly the P5 (permanent members of the United Nations Security Council), some countries recognized India’s security concerns and called for dialogue and nuclear disarmament. Economic sanctions were imposed on India by several countries, which had repercussions on its nuclear and defense programs.
Consequences for India’s Nuclear Policy: Pokhran-II had a profound impact on India’s nuclear policy. It resulted in the formulation of a formal nuclear doctrine that outlined India’s approach to nuclear weapons and their use. The doctrine emphasized a “no first use” policy, maintaining a credible minimum deterrent, and the pursuit of global nuclear disarmament. Additionally, the tests led to the establishment of the Nuclear Command Authority, responsible for command and control of India’s nuclear arsenal.
Conclusion: The Pokhran-II nuclear tests marked a significant turning point in India’s nuclear history. They symbolized India’s emergence as a nuclear power, providing a sense of security and enhancing its strategic posture. The tests prompted international discussions on non-proliferation, arms control, and the challenges posed by regional rivalries. While the tests had geopolitical repercussions and invited international sanctions, they also paved the way for India’s subsequent engagement with the global nuclear order and its aspirations for a responsible nuclear posture.
